Vusa abathengi ukuthi bacabange ngokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwephepha elingcolile eliyingozi

1. Ukujulisa Imikhuba Yokuhlaza

Ithani elilodwa lephepha elilahliwe, elisetshenziswa kabusha, liyakwazi ukuthatha impilo entsha, liguquke libe yi-850 kg yephepha elisetshenzisiwe. Lolu shintsho alubonisi nje kuphela ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsizakusebenza, kodwa futhi luvikela ngokungabonakali amamitha ama-cubic amathathu ezinsizakusebenza zezinkuni eziyigugu, ukuze ziqhubeke zichuma ehlathini futhi zilondoloze ibhalansi yemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nqubo isindisa amamitha ama-cubic ayi-100 amanzi, okuyinto enhle ekunciphiseni inkinga yokuntuleka kwamanzi.

Ngokuphathelene nokunciphisa ukungcola kwemvelo, ithani ngalinye lephepha elilahliwe elisetshenziswayo linciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-300kg ezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi ezingase zikhiqizwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungasindiswa amathani ayi-1.2 amalahle kanye nama-kWh angu-600 kagesi, okubaluleke kakhulu ngokonga amandla kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya, kanye nokukhuthaza intuthuko yamandla esimeme.

Ukusebenzisa ithani eli-1 lemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngephepha eliphinde lasetshenziswa ngo-100% kuzonciphisa ngempumelelo ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngamathani ayi-11.37. Lokhu akubonisi nje kuphela ukuqwashisa ngemvelo yomuntu siqu, kodwa futhi kuyimpendulo enhle ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ukusetshenziswa kwephepha eliphinde lasetshenziswa kancane kancane kuba amandla abalulekile ekukhuthazeni impilo eluhlaza kanye nokwakha umphakathi ongenazo izikhutha eziningi.

2. Izinsalela ephepheni elilahliwe, izinto zokusetshenziswa zephepha eliphinde lasetshenziswa, kanye nemiphumela yazo
Iphepha elingcolile ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kabusha, livame ukuthwala izinsalela ezahlukahlukene, lezi zinsalela azigcini nje ngokuba usongo empilweni yabantu, kodwa futhi zingaba nomthelela omubi emvelweni.

Izinsimbi ezisindayo zingenye yezinsalela ezivamile ephepheni elingcolile. Inqubo yokukhiqiza iphepha eliphinde lasetshenziswa ingaba nezinto zensimbi ezisindayo ezifana ne-lead, i-mercury kanye ne-cadmium. Lezi zinsimbi ezisindayo zinobuthi emzimbeni womuntu, futhi ukuchayeka isikhathi eside noma ukudla izinto eziqukethe izinsimbi ezisindayo kungabangela izinkinga ezahlukene zempilo. Okubi nakakhulu, izinsimbi ezisindayo aziboli kalula endaweni yemvelo, futhi uma sezingene endaweni ezungezile, zingase ziqongelelane kancane kancane ochungechungeni lokudla, ekugcineni zibangele umonakalo ebhalansini lemvelo.
Izinto eziphilayo nazo ziyingxenye ebalulekile eseleyo ephepheni elingcolile. Lapho iphepha elisetshenziswe kabusha lithintana namakhemikhali kanye nama-microorganism ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ulwelwesi olukulo lungase lubole lube izinto eziphilayo eziyingozi, njenge-benzene ne-phenol. Lezi zinto eziphilayo zingase zibe yingozi emzimbeni womuntu kanye nasemvelweni, futhi zingabangela izinkinga zempilo ezifana nokucasuka kwesikhumba nezinkinga zokuphefumula. Zingase futhi zingcolise imithombo yamanzi kanye nenhlabathi, zithinte ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo nezilwane.

Amagciwane kanye nezilokazane nazo ziyizinsalela ephepheni elisetshenziswe kabusha okungafanele zinganakwa. Iphepha elingcolile lingaba namagciwane ahlukahlukene kanye nezilokazane, njenge-Escherichia coli, i-pneumococcus kanye nezibungu, uma lingelashwa ngokuqinile ngesikhathi senqubo yokusetshenziswa kabusha. Lawa magciwane ayingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu kanye nasekuhlanzekeni kwemvelo, futhi angaholela ekudlulisweni kwezifo kanye nokungcola kwemvelo.

Enkambisweni yokubuyisa nokuphinda kusetshenziswe amaphepha angcolile, kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo, njengokuthuthukisa iqoqo elihlukile lamaphepha angcolile, ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwamaphepha asetshenzisiwe kanye nokuqinisa ukubulala amagciwane ephepha elisetshenzisiwe, ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo ezibangelwa yizinsalela ezikumaphepha angcolile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umphakathi kufanele futhi uthuthukise ukuqwashisa ngemvelo, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kanye nokulahlwa kwamaphepha angcolile, futhi uvikele ngokubambisana indawo yethu yemvelo.

3. Izingozi ezingaba khona zezinsalela ephepheni eliphinde lasetshenziswa
Inqubo yokukhiqiza iphepha eliphinde lasetshenziswa iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi nebucayi, ehilela ukubilisa i-pulp ekushiseni okuphezulu, ukungezwa kwe-calcium hypochlorite, kanye nokubulala amagciwane okushisa okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokubumba isilinda. Lolu chungechunge lwezinyathelo zokucubungula lubulala ngempumelelo inani elikhulu lamagciwane namagciwane, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe izinga lokuhlanzeka kwephepha eliphinde lasetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangale nqubo yokukhiqiza enzima, kusenezinye izinhlayiya zesikhunta ezingaba nzima ukuzisusa, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezifana ne-Penicillium, i-Aspergillus erythropolis kanye ne-Aspergillus flavus.
Ngokuvamile zivela ephepheni elingcolile, lawa ma-spores esikhunta ayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zawo futhi angaphila ezimweni ezinzima ezahlukahlukene. Ngisho noma amazinga okushisa aphezulu afinyelela ku-degrees angamakhulu amaningana, lawa ma-spores asakwazi ukusinda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yemvelo yawo eqinile yamakhemikhali, ama-asidi aqinile nama-alkali kanye nama-oxidising disinfectants kanye nezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokubulala amagciwane ngokuvamile azikwazi ukumelana nawo.
Phakathi kwalezi zinhlamvu zesikhunta, i-Aspergillus flavus inobuthi kakhulu. Ibhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezinto ezinobuthi kakhulu emhlabeni, enobuthi obudlula kakhulu obezinto eziyingozi njenge-nicotine ne-formaldehyde. Kuthatha i-0.1 gram ye-aflatoxin kuphela ukuthi ibulale ngesikhathi esifushane. Okubi nakakhulu, noma ngabe igwinywa noma ihogelwa ngobuningi obuncane kuphela esikhathini eside, i-aflatoxin izobangela umonakalo omkhulu ongapheli ezinhlelweni zokuphefumula nezokugaya ukudla zabantu, futhi ingabangela ngisho nezimila ezinobungozi ezifana nomdlavuza wesibindi, umdlavuza wamaphaphu kanye nomdlavuza wesisu. I-World Health Organisation iyibeke njenge-carcinogen, futhi izinga layo lomonakalo alinakwa.

Ngenhlanhla, ama-spores e-Aspergillus flavus azolala ezindaweni ezinokushisa okuphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela ayeke ukukhula kwawo nokuzala okwesikhashana.

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